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The small-signal nonlinear distortion of a system can be described with sufficient accuracy using a third order Volterra expansion of the output in terms of the input. This simple model assumes a memoryless, frequency independent amplifier system, whereby the amplifier characteristics remain constant over the operation bandwidth or, stated equivalently, the operation bandwidth is small compared with the available amplifier system bandwidth....

The mismatch between these real loads and the amplifier's output impedance result in a percentage of the forward power being reflected back to the amplifier. In some cases, excessive reflected power can damage an amplifier and precautions that may affect forward power are required. This Application note highlights the major RF amplifier characteristics that impact forward power as well as net power allowing the use of Ohm's law, even when conditions are far from ideal.

See the full specs and capabilities of the PLANAR R54 Vector Reflectometer. Standard functions include gating, embedding and de-embedding, and other measurements in the frequency and time domains.

Optimizing a PA design for one parameter invariably requires sacrifi cing the performance of another. This delicate balance between performance and effi ciency is not the only conundrum, because designers of 4G PAs must also contend with demands for greater instantaneous bandwidth. As a result, designers of next-generation PAs are relying on simulation more than ever before, and their tasks include frequency domain simulation, time domain simulation, and now circuit envelope simulation.

The LO harmonic effects on I/Q errors and sideband suppression (SBS) in the RF modulator was analyzed in application report SLWA059. This application report further investigated LO harmonic effects when attempting to achieve an increased level of SBS performance.

The introduction of this digital transmission technology has made it necessary to deal with peak power levels up to 20 dB above the average value. All of the RF power components must be capable of handling these high voltage peaks to avoid break down, or flash over.

National Instruments has redefined the traditional approach by combining PXI hardware and NI LabVIEW system design software, leveraging commercial technologies such as multicore microprocessors, user-programmable FPGAs, PCI Express hardware, and system design software to meet the flexibility and scalability demand for future high-frequency test and measurement applications.

This document describes the highlights of LTE scanning functionality of TSMW. In an FAQ style, it explains briefly the background of LTE and leads to the important measurements that have to be done in a proper network roll-out.

High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) optimize UMTS for packet data services in downlink and uplink, respectively. Together, they are referred to as High Speed Packet Access (HSPA). Within 3GPP Release 7, 8, 9 and 10, further improvements to HSPA have been specified in the context of HSPA+ or HSPA evolution. This White Paper introduces key features of HSPA+ and outlines the changes to the radio interface.

Nearly all tests in accordance with the Bluetooth low energy test specification V4.0 [1] can be performed using the R&S®CBT alone. Some tests additionally call for signal generators to provide interference signals. This application note describes the tests performed with additional equipment and presents straightforward solutions based on the R&S®CBT go software.