White Papers

The Orange Book of Knowledge (OBK) has grown into much more than we at AR could have ever imagined. For many engineers, this resource book has turned into the go to source for everything and anything related to EMC. Our fifth revision includes many new application notes which will make the EMC engineers' jobs easier.

In this Understanding Guide we will introduce the basic fundamentals of the Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). Specific topics covered include phase and amplitude measurements, scattering parameters, and the polar and Smith chart displays.

This paper introduces typical configurations for EMI pre-compliance radiated and conducted emission measurements, as well as EMI design troubleshooting. You can now start from here to set up your in-house EMI pre-compliance testing.

This new application note "Solutions for Evaluating Beamforming Performance in LTE Base Stations - Using Signal Analysis and Generation to Accurately Visualize and Verify TD-LTE Beamforming Signals" is designed to help you gain insight into how to most efficiently and effectively use signal analysis and generation to accurately visualize and verify TD-LTE beamforming signals.

Vector Network Analyzers (VNA) are your primary resource when analyzing and characterizing systems and components for RF and Microwave measurements. They are regarded as accurate measuring instruments, however, quantifying the accuracy performance of a VNA in a specific application can be challenging. VNA specifications are a starting point; but, they are based upon very specific calibration and measurement conditions, which are not applicable for many applications.

The evolution of integrated circuit technology demands that designers in this field adapt to ever-changing manufacturing techniques driven by performance, cost, benefit, and risk demands. Today’s power amplifier (PA) designer working in solid state technologies must navigate a plethora of available processes, including gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium nitride (GaN) and silicon carbide (SiC) pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (PHEMT), radio-frequency complementary metal oxide semiconductor (RF CMOS), and GaAs or silicon germanium (SiGe) heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT), to name just a few. Similarly, different design challenges demand different amplifier classes and/or topologies like Class AB, Darlingtons, switch-mode PAs, and digital predistortion.

As more companies take advantage of the benefits of wireless technology, output device manufacturers must depend on highly linear, quality test equipment to meet those demands. Wireless communications encompass a number of applications.