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The effective number of bits (ENOB) is a way of quantifying the quality of an analog to digital conversion. A higher ENOB means that voltage levels recorded in an analog to digital conversion are more accurate. In an oscilloscope the ENOB is not just determined by the quality of the analog to digital converter but by the instrument as a whole. This application note explains how to measure the oscilloscope ENOB and shows results for the R&SâRTO for different settings.
Significant improvements in the quality and reliability of indoor WLAN communications are claimed for devices with MIMO technology applying 802.11n standards, which allow users to achieve a theoretical data rate up to 300-600 Mbps on a single transmission. This paper presents an analysis of a commercial 802.11n MIMO 2×3 dual band (2.4 and 5 GHz) system focusing on the operational throughput performance over an indoor environment for Line of Sight (LOS) and Non Line of Sight (NLOS) scenarios. Combined field strength distribution, throughput, and propagation-channel environments are examined, comparing physical measurements with simulation results generated in Remcom’s Wireless InSite.
The aim of channel sounding is to characterize a radio channel by decomposing the radio propagation path into its individual multipath components. This application note provided by Neul describes how channel sounding can be performed using the R&S SMBV100A Vector Signal Generator and the R&S FSL Spectrum Analyzer. To illustrate the procedure reference is made to 8 MHz wide white space channels in the UK.
Today, we have continually increasing needs to move, recover, and decode data in smaller bandwidths and shorter time slots with reduced errors. We also want to detect higher resolution information in a physical world of increasing electrical interference.
While Synchronous Optical Networks (SONET) have been widely adopted for use in long-haul applications, Ethernet is preferred in edge routers and access points due to its lower cost.
Valpey Fisher has developed a series of products for Sync-E applications that specifically address both Jitter Transfer and Jitter Generation issues. VF products use a “crystal based” internal reference clock and an extremely narrow loop filter to produce the best performance solutions available in the industry today.
This white paper summarizes the technology options for supporting voice and short message service (SMS) in LTE, including circuit switched fallback (CSFB), SMS over SGs, and voice over LTE (VoLTE).
A common function present in most RF and Microwave systems is the electronically controlled variable attenuator. At Valpey Fisher Corporation, improvements to two key areas of the MCM approach have been made resulting in lower attenuation error.
