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An amplifier is one of the most common electrical elements in any system. The requirements for amplification are as varied as the systems where they are used.

Microwave tomography is an imaging modality which uses the contrast between the tissues. The high contrast between breast normal tissue and the malignant tissue makes the microwave imaging a proper option for breast cancer detection. In a typical microwave imaging problem, the breast is illuminated by the microwave antennas surrounding it. Forward model solves the underlying Helmholtz equation to achieve the electromagnetic fields at the location of receiving antennas. The predicted fields may be used in an iterative inversion algorithm to reconstruct the tumor and the other unknown boundaries.

Modern peak power meters can measure virtually all types of pulsed or repeating signals. To achieve this, these instruments are equipped with sophisticated trigger capabilities. Prerequisite to any fast measurement is the synchronization of the instrument’s measurement cycle to the actual event. Simply put, the input signal of interest has first to be “found.” Specific trigger settings prepare the instrument for this synchronization and, once the desired event occurs, provide stable signal representations, allowing detailed signal analysis and accurate measurements. To be able to “look ahead,” digital instruments often use special techniques such as circular acquisition buffers to facilitate display and measurement of pre-trigger events. Most RF peak power meters provide internal and external trigger capabilities. Internal triggering utilizes the envelope of the actual incoming RF signal, while external triggering utilizes a baseband trigger signal that is in some way synchronized with the RF input signal.

Three harmonic load pull techniques are compared for optimizing power-added efficiency. A Fujitsu FLL351ME device is used at 1.9 GHz along with Focus iCCMT, iPHT and iMPT electromechanical tuners. As long as the tuning range limitations of the triplexer solution are disregarded, the three methods of harmonic tuning: Triplexer method, Harmonic Rejection Tuner (PHT) method, Multi-Purpose Multi-Frequency method, give nearly-identical results.

The rectenna is the voltage-doubler rectifier with the low-pass filter (LPF) for efficiency optimization and higher order harmonics re-radiation elimination. According to the measured results, the maximum RFto- DC conversion efficiency of the rectenna achieved 75% when the RF power of 15dBm is received with a load resistance of 2k
at free space. The experimental results prove that the proposed rectenna is suitable for the WPT applications.

A growing trend in Satellite communication (Satcom) and Radar systems in the aerospace and defense market is the need for increased signal and analysis bandwidth and processing gain. Satcom systems are being driven by demands for increased data rates, while modern Radar systems require more processing gain to improve range resolution, which in turn drives wider modulation bandwidths.

The cable and antenna system plays a crucial role of the overall performance of a Base Station system. Degradations and failures in the antenna system may cause poor voice quality or dropped calls. From a carrier standpoint, this could eventually result in loss of revenue.

Quartz crystal resonators have been used for many years as the frequency reference for radios and other communication devices. When exceptional precision was needed, the crystal was placed in an oven that held the crystal at a constant temperature – hence the term Oven Controlled Crystal (XTAL) Oscillator or OCXO.