A technique to force spurious signals to be uncorrelated by offsetting local oscillator (LO) frequencies and digitally compensating for this offset is implemented and demonstrated.
In large digital beamforming antennas, dynamic range improvements through the beamforming process of combining signals from distributed waveform generators and receivers is highly desirable. A 10logN dynamic range improvement can be obtained in both noise and spurious performance if the associated error terms are uncorrelated. N in this case is the number of waveform generators or receiver channels. Noise by its nature is a random process and therefore lends itself well to the tracking of correlated and uncorrelated noise sources. Spurious however are signals. This makes it less obvious how to force spurs to be uncorrelated. Therefore, any design method that can force spurious signals to be uncorrelated is valuable in the phased array system architecture.
In this article we review a previously published technique to force spurious signals to be uncorrelated by offsetting the LO frequencies and digitally compensating for this offset. We then show how the most recent Analog Devices transceiver product, the ADRV9009, has built in features enabling this capability. We then conclude with measured data demonstrating the results of the technique.
![Figure 1](/ext/resources/images/Figures/2019/Apr/4M29/4m29f1.jpg)
Figure 1 ADRV9009 functional block diagram.
KNOWN SPURIOUS DECORRELATION METHODS
![Figure 2](/ext/resources/images/Figures/2019/Apr/4M29/4m29f2.jpg)
Figure 2 Forcing spurious to be uncorrelated by programming LO and NCO frequencies across an array of waveform generators.
![Figure 3](/ext/resources/images/Figures/2019/Apr/4M29/4m29f3.jpg)
Figure 3 Spurious signals in frequency: two combined CW signals with no spur decorrelation (a), two combined CW signals with forced spur decorrelation (b), two combined modulated signals with forced spur decorrelation (c).
Various methods to force spurious decorrelation in phased arrays have been known for some time. The first known publication dates back to Howard et al. in 2002,1 where a general method is described. In the approach, signals are first modified in a known way from receiver to receiver. Then the signals become distorted by the receiver’s nonlinear components. At the receiver output, the modifications introduced earlier in the receiver are inverted. The intended signals become coherent or correlated, but the distorted terms are not restored. The modification method implemented in their testing was to set each LO synthesizer to a different frequency, then correct for the modification by digitally tuning numerically controlled oscillators (NCO) in the digital processor. Several other methods have also been published.2-4 Today, with the integration of full transceiver subsystems on a single monolithic silicon chip with embedded programmable features, the original spurious decorrelation method is readily enabled.
TRANSCEIVER FEATURES ENABLING SPURIOUS DECORRELATION
We describe the method and show data for an Analog Devices product, but the method is equally applicable to any transceiver array. A functional block diagram of the Analog Devices transceiver ADRV9009 is shown in Figure 1. Each waveform generator or receiver is implemented with a direct conversion architecture.5 The LO frequencies can be programmed independently on each IC. The digital processing section includes digital up/down conversion with NCOs that can also be programmed independently across ICs.6
To force spurious decorrelation across multiple transceivers, the LOs are offset in frequency by programming the on-board phase locked loops (PLL). Then the NCO frequencies are set to digitally compensate for the applied LO frequency offset. By adjusting both features inside the transceiver IC, the digital data to and from the transceivers does not have to be offset in frequency; the entire frequency translation and spurious decorrelation process is built into the transceiver IC. A representative block diagram for an array of waveform generators is shown in Figure 2.
To illustrate the concept in frequency, an example with two transmit signals from a direct conversion architecture is shown in Figure 3. In these cases, the RF is on the high side of the LO. In a direct conversion architecture the image frequency and third harmonic appear on the opposite side of the LO and are shown below the LO frequency. When the LO frequencies are the same frequency across channels, the spurious frequencies are also at the same frequencies as shown in Figure 3a. Figure 3b illustrates a case where LO2 is set at a higher frequency than LO1. The digital NCOs are equally offset such that the RF signal achieves coherent gain. The images and third harmonic distortion products are at different frequencies and thus uncorrelated. Figure 3c illustrates the same configuration as Figure 3b but adds modulation to the RF carrier.
MEASURED RESULTS
An eight channel transceiver based RF testbed was assembled to evaluate the transceiver product line for phased array applications. The test setup for evaluating the waveform generators is shown in Figure 4. For this test the same digital data is applied to all waveform generators. A calibration is performed across the channels by adjusting the NCO phase to ensure the RF signals are in phase at the 8-way combiner and coherently combine. The transceivers share an LO within a two channel device (see Figure 1), so for the eight RF channels there are four different LO frequencies.
![Figure 4](/ext/resources/images/Figures/2019/Apr/4M29/4m29f4.jpg)
Figure 4 Waveform generator spurious test setup.
The transceiver NCOs and LOs are first set to the same frequency. In this case the spurious signals produced from the image, the LO leakage and the third harmonic of all channels are at the same frequencies. Figure 5 shows the combined output. The spurs of the image and the LO leakage measured in dBc show some improvement relative to the individual channels, but the third harmonic does not. In our testing we found the third harmonic was consistently correlated across channels, the image frequency was consistently uncorrelated and the LO frequency varied depending on startup conditions. This behavior is reflected in Figure 3a, where we show coherent addition for the third harmonic, non-coherent addition for the image frequency and partially coherent addition for the LO leakage frequency.
The transceiver LOs are then set to different frequencies and the digital NCOs are adjusted in both frequency and phase such that the signals coherently combine. In this case the spurious signals produced from the image, the LO leakage, and the third harmonic, are forced to be at different frequencies. Figure 6 shows the combined output. In this case, the spurs of the image, the LO leakage, and the third harmonic measured in dBc begin to spread into the noise and every spur shows an improvement when channels are combined.
![Figure 5](/ext/resources/images/Figures/2019/Apr/4M29/4m29f5.jpg)
Figure 5 Combined waveform generator spurious with LOs and NCOs set to the same frequency.
![Figure 6](/ext/resources/images/Figures/2019/Apr/4M29/4m29f6.jpg)
Figure 6 Combined Waveform Generator Spurious with LOs and NCOs offset in frequency.
When a very small number of channels are combined, as was done in this test, the spurs actually show a 20log(N) improvement in their relative levels. This is due to the signal components combining coherently and adding as 20log(N) while the spurs do not combine at all. In practice, with a large array and a much greater number of channels being combined, the improvement is expected to approach 10log(N). This is for two reasons. First, with a large number of signals being combined it is not practical to spread the spurs out sufficiently such that each one can be considered in isolation. Consider a 1 MHz modulation bandwidth as an example. If a specification says that spurious emissions are to be measured in a 1 MHz bandwidth, then ideally, the spurs would be spread out so that they are at least 1 MHz apart. If this is not possible then each 1 MHz of measurement bandwidth will include multiple spurious components. Since these will be at different frequencies they will combine incoherently and the spurious power measured in each 1 MHz of bandwidth will increase as 10log(N). However, no single 1 MHz of measurement bandwidth will contain all the spurs, so in this case “N” for the spurs is smaller than “N” for the signal. Although the incremental improvement will be 10log(N), once N is large enough for the spurious density to place multiple spurs inside the measurement bandwidth, the absolute improvement will still be better than 10log(N) compared to the system without spurious signal decorrelation, i.e. it will be somewhere between 10log(N) and 20log(N) dB better. Secondly, this test was done with CW signals. Real world signals will be modulated and this will cause them to spread out, making non-overlapping spurious signals impossible to achieve when a large number of channels are combined. These overlapping spurious signals will be uncorrelated and add incoherently, as 10log(N), in the overlap region.
It is worth noting the LO leakage component when the LO is set to the same frequency across channels. LO leakage is due to imperfect cancellation of the LO in the analog modulator when two signal branches are summed. If the amplitude and phase imbalances are random errors then the phase of the residual LO leakage component will also be random and when many different transceiver LO leakages are summed they will add incoherently, as 10log(N), even when they are at precisely the same frequency. This should also be the case with the modulator’s image component but not necessarily the modulator’s third harmonic. With a small number of channels being coherently combined it is unlikely that the LO phases would be completely random and thus the cause for partial decorrelation shown in the measured data. With a very large number of channels LO phase approaches a much more random condition across channels and is thus anticipated to be an uncorrelated addition.
CONCLUSION
The measured SFDR results when LOs and NCOs are offset in frequency clearly show that the spurious created are all at different frequencies and are not coherent in the combining process, thus ensuring an SFDR improvement as channels are combined. LO and NCO frequency control is now a programmable feature in the latest Analog Devices transceiver products. The results demonstrate that this feature can be exploited in phased array applications ensuring an array level SFDR improvement over single channel performance.
References
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- S. H. Talisa, K. W. O’Haver, T. M. Comberiate, M. D. Sharp and O. F. Somerlock, “Benefits of Digital Phased Arrays,”Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 104, No. 3, March 2016, pp. 530–543.
- K. C. Lauritzen, “Correlation of Signals, Noise and Harmonics in Parallel Analog to Digital Converter Arrays,” PHD Dissertation, University of Maryland, 2009.
- L. C. Howard, N. K. Simon and D. J. Rabideau, “Mitigation of Correlated Non-Linearities in Digital Phased Arrays Using Channel-Dependent Phase Shifts,” IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, June 2003.
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- P. Delos, “Can Phased Arrays Calibrate on Noise,” Microwave Journal, March 2018, www.microwavejournal.com/articles/30041.